Mature fruits of Momordica charantia, Bitter melon …Trái Khổ qua chín ….

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Mature fruits of Momordica charantia, Bitter melon …Trái Khổ qua chín ….

Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Khổ qua, Mướp đắng
English names : Bitter melon
Scientist name : Momordica charantia Descourt.
Synonyms :
Family : Cucurbitaceae. Họ Bầu Bí

Searched from :

**** WIKI TIẾNG VIỆT
vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mướp_đắng

Mướp đắng, miền Nam Việt Nam gọi là Khổ qua (danh pháp khoa học: Momordica charantia) là một cây leo mọc ở vùng nhiệt đới và cận nhiệt đới thuộc họ Bầu bí, có quả ăn được, thuộc loại đắng nhất trong các loại rau quả.
Tên gọi trong tiếng Anh của mướp đắng là bitter melon hay bitter gourd được dịch từ tiếng Trung: 苦瓜 (kǔguā) khổ qua; (苦 khổ: đắng; 瓜 qua: mướp; 苦瓜 khổ qua: mướp đắng[1]).
Mướp đắng là cây bản địa của vùng nhiệt đới nhưng không rõ có nguồn gốc ở nước nào. Cây mướp đắng được trồng rộng rãi ở Ấn Độ (Karela करेला trong tiếng Hindi), Pakistan (Karela کریلا trong tiếng Urdu, اردو), (komboze کمبوزه trong tiếng Ba Tư), Nam Phi, Đông Nam Á, Trung Quốc, châu Phi và vùng Caribe.
Mô tả

Dây, lá có lông, hoa vàng, quả có u sần sùi, vị đắng. Hạt khi quả chín có màu đỏ. Cây được trồng bằng hạt.

Các món ăn làm từ mướp đắng
Canh mướp đắng nấu với chả cá thát lát viên
Khổ qua nhồi thịt hầm
Khổ qua ăn sống với ruốc bông
Khổ qua xào với trứng
Mứt khổ qua
Trà khổ qua

Bài thuốc từ mướp đắng

Mướp đắng tính mát, không nên dùng cho người tỳ vị hư hàn (rối loạn chức năng tiêu hóa do lạnh).
– Mướp đắng trộn rau cần: Mướp đắng 150g; rau cần 150g, tương mè; tỏi nhuyễn mỗi thứ với lượng vừa. Trước tiên gọt bỏ vỏ, ruột mướp đắng cắt thành sợi nhỏ, trần qua nước sôi, rồi lại dùng nước lạnh dội qua, để ráo nước, sau đó trộn mướp đắng với rau cần, nêm thêm các vật liệu. Món ăn có tác dụng mát gan giảm huyết áp, thích hợp dùng cho người bệnh cao huyết áp.
– Trà mướp đắng: Mướp đắng 1 quả, trà xanh với lượng vừa. Mướp đắng cắt bỏ một phần trên, móc bỏ ruột, nhét trà xanh vào, treo trái mướp đắng ở nơi thoáng gió; một thời gian sau, lấy xuống, rửa sạch, cùng trà cắt nhuyễn, trộn đều, mỗi lần lấy 10g cho vào một tách, hãm với nước sôi. Món trà này có tác dụng thanh nhiệt giải thử (làm mát chống say nắng); miệng khát phiền nhiệt.
– Nước mướp đắng: Mướp đắng tươi 500g. Trước tiên rửa sạch mướp đắng, cắt lát, cho vào nồi, thêm 250ml nước, nấu khoảng 10 phút. Nước nấu mướp đắng có công hiệu thanh nhiệt sáng mắt, thích hợp dùng cho người bệnh can hỏa (gan nóng) bốc lên, mắt đỏ sưng đau

Tác dụng thực dưỡng

+ Kích thích ăn uống, tiêu viêm, thoái nhiệt: Mướp đắng giúp kiện tỳ khai vị (kích thích chức năng tiêu hóa); Alkaloid trong mướp đắng có công hiệu lợi niệu hoạt huyết (lợi tiểu, máu lưu thông); tiêu viêm thoái nhiệt (chống viêm, hạ sốt); thanh tâm minh mục (mát tim sáng mắt).
+ Phòng chống ung thư: Thành phần protein và nhiều lượng vitamin C trong mướp đắng giúp nâng cao chức năng miễn dịch của cơ thể, làm cho tế bào miễn dịch có tác dụng tiêu diệt tế bào ung thư; Nước cốt mướp đắng chứa thành phần protein tựa như hoạt chất Alkaloid, giúp tăng cường chức năng nuốt của các thực bào.
+ Giảm thấp đường huyết: Nước cốt mướp đắng tươi, có tác dụng hạ đường huyết tốt, là món ăn lý tưởng cho người bệnh tiểu đường.

Mướp đắng trong đời sống

Trong tiếng Trung, "mặt mướp đắng" (苦瓜臉) là cụm từ dùng để chỉ một vẻ mặt nghiêm nghị hoặc buồn.
Trong tiếng Việt, có thành ngữ "mạt cưa, mướp đắng" chỉ những thứ không thể ăn nổi.
Ở Việt Nam, khổ qua là món ăn phổ biến vào những ngày Tết, đặc biệt ở miền Nam. Tuy nhiên có hai cách giải thích trái ngược nhau về món ăn này trong ngày tết. Một cách giải thích cho rằng khổ qua nghĩa là rước đến cái khổ cho mình[2] cho nên không nên ăn, cách giải thích thứ hai lại cho rằng ăn cho cái khổ nó qua đ

**** Y HỌC CỔ TRUYỀN : Y HỌC CỔ TRUYỂN & BỆNH ÐI-A-BÉT (ÐÁI THÁO ĐƯỜNG)
tcyh.yds.edu.vn/96-02/1996-1997/yhct & di-a-bet.htm

………………… Các cây thuốc được dùng rất nhiều để điều trị đi-a-bét ở châu Á phải kể đến Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) và Trigonella foenum graecu, (Papilionaceae). Tại Việt Nam mới chỉ có hai công trình nhỏ về tác dụng của Momorrdica charantia (Cucurbitaceae) và rau dừa nước [Jussiaea repens L. (Onagegraccae)]…………

XIN NHẤP VÀO ĐƯỜNG LINK ĐỂ ĐỌC ĐẦY ĐỦ THÔNG TIN QUÝ BÁU NÀY ….

**** AGRIVIET.COM
KỶ THUẬT TRỒNG CÂY KHỔ QUA
agriviet.com/nd/93-ky-thuat-trong-cay-kho-qua/

_______________________________________________________

**** WIKI
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitter_melon

Momordica charantia is a tropical and subtropical vine of the family Cucurbitaceae, widely grown for edible fruit, which is among the most bitter of all fruits. Names for the plant and its fruit include bitter melon, bitter gourd (translated from Chinese: 苦瓜; pinyin: kǔguā), goya (ゴーヤー?) from an Okinawan language or Karela/Karella in India and Nepal, ampalayá from Tagalog, and cerasee[1] (Caribbean and South America; also spelled cerasse).
The original home of the species is not known, other than that it is a native of the tropics. It is widely grown in India, Nepal and other parts of the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia, China, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Description

The herbaceous, tendril-bearing vine grows to 5 m. It bears simple, alternate leaves 4–12 cm across, with 3–7 deeply separated lobes. Each plant bears separate yellow male and female flowers.
The fruit has a distinct warty looking exterior and an oblong shape. It is hollow in cross-section, with a relatively thin layer of flesh surrounding a central seed cavity filled with large flat seeds and pith. Seeds and pith appear white in unripe fruits, ripening to red; they are not intensely bitter and can be removed before cooking. However, the pith will become sweet when the fruit is fully ripe, and the pith’s color will turn red. The pith can be eaten uncooked in this state, but the flesh of the melon will be far too tough to be eaten anymore. Red and sweet bitter melon pith is a popular ingredient in some southeast Asian salads. The flesh is crunchy and watery in texture, similar to cucumber, chayote or green bell pepper. The skin is tender and edible. The fruit is most often eaten green. Although it can also be eaten when it has started to ripen and turn yellowish, it becomes more bitter as it ripens. When the fruit ripens and turns orange and mushy, it is too bitter to eat. It splits into segments which curl back dramatically to expose seeds covered in bright red pulp.
Bitter melon comes in a variety of shapes and sizes. The typical Chinese phenotype is 20–30 cm long, oblong with bluntly tapering ends and pale green in color, with a gently undulating, warty surface. The bitter melon more typical of India has a narrower shape with pointed ends, and a surface covered with jagged, triangular "teeth" and ridges. Coloration is green or white. Between these two extremes are any number of intermediate forms. Some bear miniature fruit of only 6–10 cm in length, which may be served individually as stuffed vegetables. These miniature fruit are popular in Southeast Asia as well as India.
Bitter melon contains a bitter compound called momordicin that is said to have a stomachic effect.

Culinary uses

Bitter melon is often used in Chinese cooking for its bitter flavor, typically in stir-fries (often with pork and douchi), soups, and also as tea.
It is very popular throughout India, where it is often prepared with potatoes and served with yogurt on the side to offset the bitterness, or used in sabji. It is stuffed with spices and then fried in oil, which is very popular in Punjabi cuisine. This is also a very popular vegetable in Orissa, called ‘Karela’, mainly consumed for health benefits. It is a popular food in Tamil Nadu and in the South Indian state of Kerala. They use it for making a dish called thoran mixed with grated coconut, theeyal and pachadi. This is one common medicinal food for diabetics. Popular recipes include curry, deep fry with peanuts (ground nuts), and ‘Pachi Pulusu’ (కాకరకాయ పచ్చి పులుసు), a kind of soup made up of boiled Bitter Melon, fried onions and other spices.
In Pakistan and Bangladesh bitter melon is available in the summertime. A traditional way to cook bitter melon curry is with onions, red chili powder, turmeric powder, salt, coriander powder, and a pinch of cumin seeds. Another dish in Pakistan calls for whole, unpeeled bitter melon to be boiled and then stuffed with cooked ground beef, served with either hot tandoori bread, naan, chappati, or with khichri (a mixture of lentils and rice).
Bitter melon is increasingly used in mainland Japan. It is a significant component of Okinawan cuisine, and is credited with Okinawan life expectancies being higher than already long Japanese ones.

In Indonesia, bitter melon is prepared in various dishes, such as gado-gado, stir fry, cooked in coconut milk, or steamed.
In Vietnam, raw bitter melon slices consumed with dried meat floss and stuffed to make bitter melon soup with shrimp are popular dishes. Bitter melons stuffed with ground pork are served as a popular summer soup in the South. It is also used as the main ingredient of "stewed bitter melon". This dish is usually cooked for the Tết holiday as its name: "bitter" reminds people not to forget or disrespect the poor living conditions experienced in the past. Vietnamese names for the plant include ‘muop dang’ (mướp đắng) in the North and ‘kho qua’ (khổ qua) in the South.
In the Philippines, where it is known as ampalayá, bitter melon is used in many dishes. It may be stir-fried with ground beef and oyster sauce, or with eggs and diced tomato. A very popular dish from the Ilocos region in the north of Luzon island is pinakbet, which consists mainly of bitter melons, eggplant, okra, string beans, tomatoes, lima beans, and other various regional vegetables altogether stewed with a little bagoong- based stock. The young shoots and leaves of the bitter melon may also be eaten as greens; these are locally called dahon ng ampalayá (lit. "leaf of bitter melon").
In Nepal, bitter melon is prepared in various ways. Most prepare it as fresh achar (a type of pickle). For this the bitter gourd is cut into cubes or slices and sautéed covered in little oil and a sprinkle of water. When it is softened and reduced, it is minced in a mortar with a few cloves of garlic, salt and a red or green pepper. Another way is the sautéed version. In this, bitter gourd is cut in thin round slices or cubes and fried (sauteed) with much less oil and some salt, cumin and red chili. It is fried until the vegetable softens with hints of golden brown. It is even prepared as a curry on its own, or with potato; and made as stuffed vegetables.
Bitter melons are also very popular in Trinidad and Tobago (known locally as caraille, carilley, or additional spellings as pronounced). Usually sauteed with onion, garlic and scotch bonnet pepper until almost crisp.

Medicinal uses

Bitter melon has been used in various Asian traditional medicine systems for a long time.[2] Like most bitter-tasting foods, bitter melon stimulates digestion[citation needed]. While this can be helpful in people with sluggish digestion, dyspepsia, and constipation, it can sometimes make heartburn and ulcers worse. The fact that bitter melon is also a demulcent and at least mild inflammation modulator, however, means that it rarely does have these negative effects, based on clinical experience and traditional reports.
Though it has been claimed that bitter melon’s bitterness comes from quinine, no evidence supports this claim.[citation needed] Bitter melon is traditionally regarded by Asians, as well as Panamanians and Colombians, as useful for preventing and treating malaria. Laboratory studies have confirmed that various species of bitter melon have anti-malarial activity, though human studies have not yet been published.[3]
In Panama bitter melon is known as Balsamino. The pods are smaller and bright orange when ripe with very sweet red seeds, but only the leaves of the plant are brewed in hot water to create a tea to treat malaria and diabetes. The leaves are allowed to steep in hot water before being strained thoroughly so that only the remaining liquid is used for the tea.
Laboratory tests suggest that compounds in bitter melon might be effective for treating HIV infection.[4] As most compounds isolated from bitter melon that impact HIV have either been proteins or glycoproteins lectins, neither of which are well-absorbed, it is unlikely that oral intake of bitter melon will slow HIV in infected people. It is possible oral ingestion of bitter melon could offset negative effects of anti-HIV drugs, if a test tube study can be shown to be applicable to people.[5] In one preliminary clinical trial, an enema form of a bitter melon extract showed some benefits in people infected with HIV (Zhang 1992). Clearly more research is necessary before this could be recommended.

The other realm showing the most promise related to bitter melon is as an immunomodulator. One clinical trial found very limited evidence that bitter melon might improve immune cell function in people with cancer, but this needs to be verified and amplified in other research. If proven correct this is another way bitter melon could help people infected with HIV.
Folk wisdom has it that bitter melon helps to prevent or counteract type-II diabetes. A recent scientific study at the Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, India, has proved that bitter melon increases insulin sensitivity.[6] Also, in 2007, the Philippine Department of Health issued a circular stating that bitter melon, as a scientifically validated herbal medicinal plant, can lower elevated blood sugar levels. The study revealed that a 100 milligram per kilo dose per day is comparable to 2.5 milligrams of the anti-diabetes drug Glibenclamide taken twice per day.[7] Bitter melon is sold in the Philippines as a food supplement and marketed under the trade name Charantia. Charantia capsules and tea are being exported to the United States, Canada, Europe, Mexico, Japan, Korea, and parts of the Middle East.[7]
Bitter Melon contains four very promising bioactive compounds. These compounds activate a protein called AMPK, which is well known for regulating fuel metabolism and enabling glucose uptake, processes which are impaired in diabetics. "We can now understand at a molecular level why bitter melon works as a treatment for diabetes," said David James, director of the diabetes and obesity program at the Garvan Institute of Medical Research in Sydney. "By isolating the compounds we believe to be therapeutic, we can investigate how they work together in our cells."[8][9][10][11][12][13]
Bitter melon contains a lectin that has insulin-like activity. The insulin-like bioactivity of this lectin is due to its linking together 2 insulin receptors. This lectin lowers blood glucose concentrations by acting on peripheral tissues and, similar to insulin’s effects in the brain, suppressing appetite. This lectin is likely a major contributor to the hypoglycemic effect that develops after eating bitter melon and why it may be a way of managing adult-onset diabetes. Lectin binding is non-protein specific, and this is likely why bitter melon has been credited with immunostimulatory activity—by linking receptors that modulate the immune system, thereby stimulating said receptors.
Various cautions are indicated. The seeds contains vicine and therefore can trigger symptoms of favism in susceptible individuals. In addition, the red arils of the seeds are reported to be toxic to children, and the fruit is contraindicated during pregnancy

**** TROPILAB.COM
www.tropilab.com/momordica-cha.html

MOMORDICA CHARANTIA L. – BITTER MELON.

Common name
Aampalaya, arsorossie, balsam pear, balsamapfel, balsamina, balsamini longa, bitter melon, bittere meloen, bittergourd, karela, ku gua foo, mara, muop dang, pomme de merveille, pomo balsamo, pare, peria, sopropo, tsuru reishi.

Family
Cucurbitaceae (Gourd family).

Overview
Also known as Chinese bitter melon, this herbaceous tropical vine is a tender perennial.
The fruit is edible when harvested green and cooked. The taste is bitter.
Bitter melon has twice the potassium of bananas and is also rich in vitamin A and C.
It is a monoecious climber with dark green, deeply lobed leaves with hairs on it. The dioeciously flowers are yellow and the fruits oblong and lumpy with a light green to greenish-white, waxy skin.
The fruit is a favorite in the Surinam cuisine.

Bitter melon seems to be supportive in HIV; several proteins (such as alpha – and beta momocharin) have HIV inhibitory effects in vitro. However, they are not cytotoxic.

Medicinal applications
Lectins from Bitter melon have shown good antilipolytic – and lipogenic activity.
Map 30 is a specific protein in bitter melon, that is useful in treating HIV infection.
There is another smaller variety Balsam apple (M. balaminal), which has seeds surrounded by a bright red pulp. These seeds are small and black.
The juice of this plant appears to be abortifacient.
In traditional Chinese medicine, the vegetable is used as an appetite stimulant and as a treatment for gastrointestinal infection and against cancer (breast).
Bitter melon is also hypoglycemic (has blood sugar – lowerering effects). It is very effective against type 2 diabetes and has no known side effects.
It has been proven to increase the number of beta cells (those which produce insulin) in the pancreas and is natural support for diabetics.
Certain components of Bitter melon resemble the chemical structure of the hormone insulin, needed to keep the blood sugar level in balance.
Bitter melon is just as effective as the prescription-only drug Glibenclamide (Glyburide) at reducing blood sugar levels but without causing any adverse effects.

Suriname’s traditional medicine
This plant has many therapeutic properties.
Bitter melon is used against fever, stomachache, diabetes – mellitus and hypertension.

For more details on the phyto-chemistry and pharmacology of Bitter melon: go to "MAROWINA FACTS® DATABASE".

For more information go to the APPLICATIONS & DOSAGE page.
Visit also our CHOLESTEROL -, DIABETES – , HYPERTENSION – and TINCTURE pages.

Hardiness
USDA zone 9 – 11.

Propagation
Seeds.

Culture
Full sun / light shade; rich moist soil. Plant in frost free areas since bitter melon is very sensitive to frost. Do not water too much.
In cooler climates start planting in pots 6 weeks before the frost free date; transplant when there is no more danger of frost.

**** RAIN TREE
www.rain-tree.com/bitmelon.htm.

Fruits and leaves of Cardiospermum halicacabum …Trái và lá của dây Tam Phỏng, Tầm Phỏng, Búp Bụp ….

Image by Vietnam Plants & The USA. plants
Vietnamese named : Tam Phỏng, Tầm Phong, dây Búp Bụp, Tam Phong.
English names : Love in a Puff, Balloon vine.
Scientist name : Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Synonyms :
Family : Sapindaceae . Họ Bồ Hòn .

Searched from :

**** VIETGLE. VN.
www.vietgle.vn/trithucviet/detail.aspx?pid=NzhDMzBEMEIwNg…

Cardiospermum halicacabum L. – Tam phỏng, Chùm phỏng, Tầm phong.
Cây thảo sống hằng năm, cao 1,50 – 3m. Thân và cành có khía dọc. Lá mọc so le, chụm ba kép. Lá chét hình tam giác, có thùy, nhọn mũi, nhẵn hoặc có ít lông. Hoa trắng lục mọc thành chùm ở nách với cuống chung có 2 tua cuốn mọc đối; cánh hoa có phần phụ. Quả dạng túi, có 3 góc, dạng màng, có gân lồi. Hạt đen, có đốm trắng và dạng tim.
Loài liên nhiệt đới mọc hoang và cũng được trồng ở nhiều nơi làm cây cảnh và làm thước. Gây giống chủ yếu bằng các đoạn cành. Giâm cành nơi đất ẩm mát vào mùa mưa. Trong thiên nhiên cây mọc hoang trên các nương rẫy, bờ bụi vùng núi và đồng bằng.

Ra hoa từ tháng 4 đến tháng 8.
Quả cây cho hạt có dạng lá và cứng, được người Mỹ da đỏ dùng xâu làm vòng đeo cổ và làm các vật dụng khác. Cây có khi được trồng làm cảnh.
Toàn cây được dùng làm thuốc chữa cảm lạnh và cảm sốt, viêm thận phù thũng, viêm đường tiết niệu, giảm niệu, đái tháo đường, ho gà, tê thấp. Dùng ngoài để trị đòn ngã tổn thương, viêm mủ da, eczema, ghẻ ngứa, rắn cắn … Dân gian còn dùng cây tươi nấu nước xông hơi trị đau mắt đỏ; dịch lá dùng chữa đau tai trong.

**** TRUNG TÂM DỮ LIỆU THỰC VẬT VIETNAM
www.botanyvn.com/cnt.asp?param=edir&v=Cardiospermum%2…
Tên Khoa học: Cardiospermum halicacabum L.
Tên tiếng Anh:
Tên tiếng Việt: Tầm phong; Chùm phong; (dây) Búp bụp; Tam phỏng
Tên khác: C. corindum L., C. microcarpum H. B. K

**** Y HỌC CỔ TRUYỀN TUỆ TĨNH
www.lrc-tnu.edu.vn/dongy/show_target.plx?url=/thuocdongy/…

Tam phỏng

Tam phỏng, Chùm phỏng. Tầm phong, Tầm phỏng, Xoan leo – Cardiospermum halicacabum L., thuộc họ Bồ hòn – Sapindaceae.

Mô tả: Cây thảo leo cao 2-3m, có nhánh mảnh, khía dọc. Lá mọc so le, kép, có lá chét hình tam giác, có thùy, nhọn mũi, nhẵn hoặc có lông. Hoa trắng, thành chùm ở nách lá, với cuống chung có 2 tua cuốn mọc đối. Quả nang, dạng màng, có 3 ô, hình cầu hay hình quả lê, phồng lên, có gân lồi. Hạt hình cầu, với áo hạt màu sáng, có vỏ đen đen.

Mùa hoa tháng 4-8.

Bộ phận dùng: Toàn cây – Herba Cardiospermi Halicacabi.

Nơi sống và thu hái: Loài liên nhiệt đới mọc hoang trên các nương rẫy, bờ bụi vùng núi. Thu hái toàn cây quanh năm, chủ yếu vào hè thu, rửa sạch, dùng tươi hay phơi khô dùng dần.

Thành phần hóa học: Các bộ phận của cây chứa saponin trong các nhánh cây có quebraquitol. Hạt chứa 32,28% dầu.

Tính vị, tác dụng: Vị đắng, hơi cay, tính mát, có tác dụng tiêu thũng chỉ thống, lương huyết giải độc, tiêu viêm. Rễ làm toát mồ hôi, lợi tiểu, khai vị, nhuận tràng, gây sung huyết, điều kinh.

Công dụng, chỉ định và phối hợp: Thường dùng chữa 1. Cảm lạnh và sốt; 2. Viêm thận phù thũng, viêm đường tiết niệu, giảm niệu; 3. Ðái tháo đường; 4. Ho gà; 5. Tê thấp. Dùng 15-30g dạng thuốc sắc. Dùng ngoài trị đòn ngã tổn thương, viêm mủ da, eczema, ghẻ ngứa, rắn cắn, chó dại cắn. Tuỳ trường hợp mà dùng cây tươi giã nát lấy nước uống hoặc dùng dây lá nấu nước rửa hay tắm. Dân gian dùng cây nấu nước lấy hơi xông chữa mắt đỏ.

Ở Ấn Độ, cây cũng dùng chữa tê thấp, đau các chi và trị rắn cắn. Rễ dùng trị tê thấp, đau lưng, đau thần kinh. Lá gây sung huyết dùng chữa tê thấp. Dịch lá dùng chữa đau tai trong.

Ở Campuchia lá dùng đắp ngoài trị các bệnh ngoài da.

Đơn thuốc:

1. Giảm niệu: Tam phỏng 15g sắc và uống với rượu.

2. Ðái đường: Cây tươi 60g sắc uống.

3. Ðòn ngã tổn thương; Tam phỏng 10-15g làm thành bột và uống với rượu.

4. Chữa phụ nữ có mang hay sau khi sinh, bị trúng gió trào đờm, cắn răng không tỉnh, mắt xanh, mình uốn ván, tay chân cứng đờ: Lá Tam phỏng giã nát, chế đồng tiện vào, vắt lấy nước cốt uống.

_________________________________________________________

**** PHILIPPINE MEDICINE PLANTS
www.stuartxchange.org/ParolParolan.html

Botany
· A slender, herbaceous, more or less hairy vine, 1 to 3 m in length.
· Leaves: trifoliate, and 5 to 9 cm long. Leaflets are ovate to lanceolate, and 1 to 5 cm long, coarsely toothed or lobed margins.
· Flowers: small, white, and about 2.5 mm long. Sepals 4, concave, the outer ones small. Petals 4, 2 larger ones usually adhering to the sepals and with an emarginate scale above the base, the smaller 2 ones distant from the stamens. Stamens 8, excentric, filaments free or connate at the base. Ovary 3-celled, style 3-fid, ovules solitary.
· Fruits: inflated, obovoid, 1.5 to 2.5 cm long, somewhat triangular and 3-keeled capsules. Seeds are round and black, with a prominent, white, heart-shaped aril at the base.

Distribution
Throughout the Philippines in thickets and waste places, in the settled areas.

Constituents
• Plant yields saponins, tannins, alkaloids, flavonoids, proanthocyanidin, apigenin, phytosterols, glycosides and cardiac glycosides.

Properties
• Mild, bitter and pungent tasting, cooling in effect.
• Considered antiphlogistic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, blood refrigerant, anti-infectious, emetic, emmenagogue, febrifuge, laxative, stomachic, sudorific.

Uses
Folkloric
• Cold, fever, renal edema, urinary tract infections.
• Furuncle, carbuncle, eczema.
• Sprains and external wounds.
• Dosage: use 12 to 15 gms dried material or 15 to 30 gms fresh material in decoction. Pounded fresh material may be used as poultice, decoction of fresh material may be used as external wash.
• Elsewhere, poultice of leaves used for rheumatism and swellings.
• Leaf juice used for earaches.
• In Ayurveda, used for rheumatism, fever and earache.
Nutrition / culinary
• Edible: leaves.
• Leaves and young shoots, cooked, used as spinach.
Others
• Seed oii reported to be an effective insect repellent.

Studies
• Antifilarial: Study of extracts of CH was done on adult worms and microfilariae of Brugia pahangi. Results showed that the aqueous extracts had mild but definite direct macrofilarial action on B pahangi.
• Antiparasitic: Extracts of CH tested in vitro against third-stage larvae of Strongyloides stercoralis showed immobilization (nonmotility) rates better than ivermectin and piperazine.
• Antidiarrheal: Study showed the antidiarrheal activity of the extracts of C halicacabum, probably due to the presence of phytochemicals–sterols, tannins, flavonoids and triterpenes.
• Antiinflammatory: Study showed inhibitory effects of CH leaf extract on the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha. CH exhibited antiinflammatory properties that justifies its use in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.
• Anti-Inflammatory / Analgesic: Study showed the ethanol extract dose-dependently inhibited mRNA expression of COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, iNOS, and COX-2 expression.
• Antihyperglycemic: Study in STZ diabetic rats show that CHE extract possesses a dose-dependent antihyperglycemic activity – decreasing plasma glucose and HbA1c, increasing levels of insulin and Hb. and provides evidence for its traditional use in diabetes control.
• Anxiolytic: Study of mice in various anxiety models showed the alcoholic and aqueous extract of C. helicacabum possess anti-anxiety activity. The results explains the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of C. helicacabum.

Availability
Wild-crafted.

**** NCBI.NLM.NIH.GOV.
www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19393729

J Ethnopharmacol. 2009 Jul 6;124(1):39-44. Epub 2009 Apr 23.
Cardiospermum halicacabum ethanol extract inhibits LPS induced COX-2, TNF-alpha and iNOS expression, which is mediated by NF-kappaB regulation, in RAW264.7 cells.
Sheeba MS, Asha VV.

Bioprospecting and Molecular Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Molecular Medicine and Cancer Biology, Rajiv Gandhi Centre for Biotechnology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India.
Abstract
AIM OF THIS STUDY: Cardiospermum halicacabum L. is well known for its anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activities. It has been used in Ayurveda and folk medicine for the treatment of rheumatism, fever and earache. But its mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesic action is still unclear, hence in this context, the objective of our study is to reveal the mechanism of anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L. which would form an additional proof to the traditional knowledge of Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study the ethanolic extract of the whole plant was used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory action in mouse macrophage cell line RAW264.7 cells. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, COX-2, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and COX-2 protein expression by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and western blot and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-kappaB) binding activity by electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA).

RESULTS: We found that the ethanol extract dose dependently inhibit mRNA expression of COX-2, TNF-alpha, iNOS and COX-2 protein expression. But the extract did not affect the expression of COX-1 mRNA expression. Furthermore, Cardiospermum halicacabum L. ethanol extract inhibited the TNF-alpha induced DNA binding activity of NF-kappaB, which was associated with decreased p65 protein level in the nucleus in Jurkat cells.

CONCLUSION: These results enabled to understand the mechanisms behind the anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of Cardiospermum halicacabum L.

**** USDA PLANTS PROFILE
plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=caha13

**** DAVESGARDEN
davesgarden.com/guides/pf/go/648/

**** FLOWERS OF INDIA
www.flowersofindia.net/catalog/slides/Balloon Vine.html
Common name: Balloon Vine, Love-in-a-puff, heart pea, heartseed • Hindi: कनफटा Kanphata, कनफूटी Kanphuti, कपालफोड़ी Kapalphodi • Marathi: kanphuti, shibjal, kakumardanika • Tamil: kottavan, modikkottan, mudakattan • Malayalam: Jyotishmati, katabhi • Telugu: buddakakara, ekkudutige, jyotishmatitige, kasaritige • Kannada: agniballi, bekkinatoddinaballi, erumballi, kakaralata • Bengali: Lataphatkari • Oriya: sakralata • Assamese: kapal phuta • Sanskrit: Bunu-uchchhe, इंद्रवल्ली Indravalli, Jyotishmati • Nepali: ज्योतिसमाति Jyotismati
Botanical name: Cardiospermum halicacabum Family: Sapindaceae (Soapberry family)
Balloon Vine is a woody perennial vine distributed almost globally in the tropics. It is a fast growing vine up to 10 feet. Leaves are trifoliate, up to 4 inches long, with highly lobed leaflets. The plant climb with tendrils and needs some form of support. The small white flowers bloom from summer through fall, flowers are not very showy. The fruit is more interesting, from which the plant gets its common name. It is a brown, thin-shelled, inflated angled capsule up to 3 cm across, containing 3 black seeds each, with a white heart-shaped scar.
Identification credit: Prashant Awale